Reference

Last updated on 2026-08-25 | Edit this page

References Cited

Introduction

Eggertson L. (2010). Lancet retracts 12-year-old article linking autism to MMR vaccines. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne, 182(4), E199–E200. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-3179

Retraction Watch. (2026, August 14). Retraction Watch. https://retractionwatch.com/

WCRI Singapore Statement—WCRIF - The World Conferences on Research Integrity Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.wcrif.org/guidance/singapore-statement

Rigour and Transparency

The Open Source AI Definition – 1.0. (2024, October 28). Open Source Initiative. https://opensource.org/ai/open-source-ai-definition

Turri, V. (2022, January 17). What is Explainable AI?. Retrieved August 13, 2026, from https://www.sei.cmu.edu/blog/what-is-explainable-ai/.

Crawford, Matthew B. (March 31, 2015). “Introduction, Attention as a Cultural Problem”. The World Beyond Your Head: On Becoming an Individual in an Age of Distraction (hardcover) (1st ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 11. ISBN 978-0374292980.

Naddaf, M. (2026). Surge in fake citations uncovered by audit of 2.5 million biomedical-science papers. Nature, 653(8115), 658–659. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-00748-w

Publishing ethics authorship and contributorship journals. (n.d.). Cambridge Core. Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/publishing-ethics/authorship-and-contributorship-journals

Submitting a paper to JOSS — JOSS documentation. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://joss.readthedocs.io/en/latest/submitting.html#ai-usage-policy

CRAN Repository Policy (n.d.). [Computer software]. Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/policies.html

Author Guidelines - British Journal of Educational Technology—Wiley Online Library. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://bera-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/14678535/forauthors.html?gad_campaignid=22804079273&gad_source=1

Respect and Accountability

What is Research Integrity? - UK Research Integrity Office. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://ukrio.org/research-integrity/what-is-research-integrity/

Williams, A., & Brawley, S. (2026). What are data centres and how sustainable are they? https://post.parliament.uk/research-briefings/post-pn-0762/

Critical Minerals in Artificial Intelligence. (n.d.). SFA (Oxford). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.sfa-oxford.com/knowledge-and-insights/critical-minerals-in-low-carbon-and-future-technologies/critical-minerals-in-artificial-intelligence/

Wodtke, C. (2026, June 29). I Love Generative AI and Hate the Companies Building It. Medium. https://cwodtke.medium.com/i-love-generative-ai-and-hate-the-companies-building-it-3fb120e512ac

My Experience as an Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) Worker | Psychology Today United Kingdom. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/blog/the-science-behind-behavior/201507/my-experience-as-an-amazon-mechanical-turk-mturk-worker

United Nations | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal8

Weizenbaum-Institut. (2024, May 1). The Data Workers’ Inquiry—Unveiling the Hidden Labor Behind AI [Video recording]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAMqrXlEPDI

Ouyang, L., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Almeida, D., Wainwright, C. L., Mishkin, P., Zhang, C., Agarwal, S., Slama, K., Ray, A., Schulman, J., Hilton, J., Kelton, F., Miller, L., Simens, M., Askell, A., Welinder, P., Christiano, P., Leike, J., & Lowe, R. (2022, March 4). Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. arXiv.Org. https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.02155v1

Bai, Y., Kadavath, S., Kundu, S., Askell, A., Kernion, J., Jones, A., Chen, A., Goldie, A., Mirhoseini, A., McKinnon, C., Chen, C., Olsson, C., Olah, C., Hernandez, D., Drain, D., Ganguli, D., Li, D., Tran-Johnson, E., Perez, E., … Kaplan, J. (2022, December 15). Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback. arXiv.Org. https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073v1

Peter, K. (2025, July 2). Three key AI and copyright cases. Publishers Association. https://www.publishers.org.uk/three-key-ai-and-copyright-cases/

The Higher Regional Court of Munich considered memorization and temporary copies occurred in model training as infringing reproductions of works. (n.d.). EUIPO. Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.euipo.europa.eu/en/law/recent-case-law/the-higher-regional-court-of-munich-considered-memorization-and-temporary-copies-occurred-in-model-training-as-infringing-reproductions-of-works

Edwards, B. (2024, May 9). Stack Overflow users sabotage their posts after OpenAI deal. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/05/stack-overflow-users-sabotage-their-posts-after-openai-deal/

CreativeCommons (n.d.). Using CC-licensed Works for AI Training. https://creativecommons.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Using-CC-licensed-Works-for-AI-Training.pdf

Report on Copyright and Artificial Intelligence. (n.d.). GOV.UK. Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/report-and-impact-assessment-on-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence/report-on-copyright-and-artificial-intelligence

Unity promises strong AI copyright “guardrails” after employee conjures Mickey Mouse on stream. (n.d.). Game Developer. Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/unity-promises-stronger-ai-copyright-guardrails-after-employee-conjures-mickey-mouse-on-stream

European Parliament - Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs (n.d.). Generative AI and Copyright. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2025/774095/IUST_STU(2025)774095_EN.pdf

UK - Data (Use and Access) Act 2025. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/18/contents?view=plain

ICO. (2024, December 11). What are the accountability and governance implications of AI? https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/what-are-the-accountability-and-governance-implications-of-ai/

Interplay between the AI Act and the EU digital legislative framework | Think Tank | European Parliament. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/ECTI_ATA(2025)778577

Annex III: High-Risk AI Systems Referred to in Article 6(2) | EU Artificial Intelligence Act. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/annex/3/

Implications for Learning

How AI assistance impacts the formation of coding skills. (n.d.). Retrieved August 14, 2026, from https://www.anthropic.com/research/AI-assistance-coding-skills

McCurdy, W. (2026, June 20). Norway Bans AI in Elementary Schools. PCMAG. https://www.pcmag.com/news/norway-bans-ai-in-elementary-schools

Ahern, S. J. (2025). What is lazy metacognition and what can we do about it? Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education, (37). https://doi.org/10.47408/jldhe.vi37.1713