Overview

Teaching: 20 min
Exercises: 15 min

Questions

• How can I write content for my webpages?

• How do I link to other pages?

Objectives

• Create simple pages with formatted text

Markdown

Markdown is a language used to simplify writing HTML. Plain text characters like # and * are used in place of HTML tags. These characters are then processed by Jekyll (or another script or application) and transformed into HTML tags. As the name Markdown suggests, the language has been trimmed down to a minimum. The most frequently used elements, like headings, paragraphs, lists, tables and basic text formatting (i.e. bold, italic) are part of Markdown. Markdown’s simplified syntax keeps content human-readable.
This is one reason it is a preferred language for formatted user input on web sites like:

• Stack Exchange
• GitHub
• GitLab

Where to Start Writing Markdown?

A lot of tools for rendering Markdown source code exist. Rendering is the process of generating a nice view of the content using the style information included in the source text. Chances are high, your editor can do this. As we are working towards authoring websites using Jekyll and GitHub pages, we will use GitHub straight away for learning the basics of Markdown. The GitHub project you created in the last episode contains a file README.md.

The image below shows the projects default view. This view includes a rendered view of the content inside the file README.md. Your project should look quite similar except for the red circle around the pencil symbol.

Click on that pencil symbol to open an editing interface of your project’s README.md file. Once we’ve clicked the pencil symbol, GitHub will open that file in the editing interface.

We can change the content and have a look at the rendered view by clicking the Preview changes tab.

Let’s add Some **bold** font and see what happens when we preview it using the preview tab. If you check the “Show diff” box on the upper-right hand side, GitHub will show green vertical bars visually highlighting the new content. To save the content to the file README.md, scroll down a bit and search for a Commit changes menu at the bottom of the page. After having changed something, the commit menu looks like this:

Writing a Commit Message

A commit message is a short, descriptive, and specific comment that will help us remember later on what we did and why. When editing in the Github interface, it will suggest a vague message about which file you’ve updated or added. It is best practice to change this message to a short but more informative message about what in the file has changed. This more descriptive message will make it much easier if future you needs to go looking through the history for which commit made a specific change. You can find more about writing commit message in the Software Carpentry Version Control with Git lesson.

Commit this change to the main branch.

Writing Markdown

Now that we know about the editing interface and preview tab of our projects README.md we can use it as a text editor and investigate selected Markdown features.

Our README.md already contains vanilla text and two formatting features:

• Heading # group-website
• Emphasis using **bold**.

Let’s learn some more Markdown by adding some formatting and see what happens when we preview it using the preview tab. Add the following to your README.md file.

# group-website
Repo for learning how to make websites with Jekyll and GitHub pages

## Learning Markdown

Vanilla text may contain *italics* and **bold words**.

This paragraph is separated from the previous one by a blank line.
Line breaks
are caused by two trailing spaces at the end of a line.

[Carpentries Webpage](https://carpentries.org/)

### Carpentries Lesson Programs:
- Software Carpentry
- Data Carpentry
- Library Carpentry

You can then click the preview tab again to see how the formatting renders.

If you click the Show diff checkbox in the right corner, GitHub will include a preview of differences too - the green bar indicates added lines, the red bar indicates deleted lines, and yellow - lines that have been modified.

Markdown Trailing Spaces Are Meaningful

In the example above there are two spaces at the end of Line breaks . These introduce what is called a hard line break, causing that paragraph to continue in the next line by adding a <br/> to the generated HTML.

If you break the line in a markdown file but don’t include the two trailing spaces the generated HTML will continue in the same line without introducing a <br/>. This is called a soft line break.

In some cases you may find that soft line breaks do introduce a <br/>. This can happen when using different markdown flavors.

See for instance:

Soft line
break

Hard line
break

That produces:

To keep this addition to our README.md we need to commit these changes to save them. Scroll down to the bottom of the page, add a commit message if you wish, and then commit to the main branch.

Let’s do an exercise to try out writing more markdown.

Exercise: Try Out Markdown

Use this cheatsheet to add the following to your README.md:

• Another second level heading
• Some text under that second level heading that includes an link and strikethrough text.
• A third level heading
• A numbered list
• Bonus: Add this image https://raw.githubusercontent.com/carpentries/carpentries.org/main/images/TheCarpentries-opengraph.png

Example Solution

For example your markdown might look like the following:

## More info on the lesson
You can find this lesson [here](https://carpentries-incubator.github.io/jekyll-pages-novice/).

### Four reasons you should learn Markdown:

1. Less formatting than HTML
2. Easy to read even with formatting
3. Commonly used for websites and software development
4. We ~~don't~~ use it in The Carpentries

![Carpentries Logo](https://github.com/carpentries/carpentries.org/raw/main/images/TheCarpentries-opengraph.png)

Reference-Style Links

Up to now, we have used inline-style links which have the URL inline with the description text, for example:

[Carpentries Webpage](https://carpentries.org/)

If you use a link more than once, consider using so called reference-style links instead. Reference-style links reference the URL via a label. The label goes into square brackets [ ] right after the description text of the link and then later, usually at the bottom of the page, you can connect that label to the url it references to complete the link. This looks like:

[Carpentries Webpage][carpentries]

[carpentries]: https://carpentries.org/

and helps to follow the DRY principle, avoiding redundant specification of information.

Note about image use and attribution

When using images on your website that you don’t own, it’s important to reuse the content responsibly. This means ensuring that the image owner has given permission for the image to be reused and that the image includes appropriate attribution to the owner. If you’re unsure about the availability of an image you can always contact the owner or check if a license is provided alongside the image which may include conditions for reuse. Anyone can re-use and edit Public Domain images so searching for images in the public domain can be a good way to find images for your website. However, it is still good practice to give credit when possible, even for public domain images.

We will continue to use Markdown and learn more throughout the rest of the lesson. Though later we will find we need HTML again for some features.

Markdown Cheatsheet

Markdown offers a variety of formatting features. Have a look at this cheatsheet to get an overview or look things up.

Markdown Flavours

The initial description of Markdown was informal and contained certain ambiguities so over the years different Markdown implementations and syntax variations (often referred to as “flavours”) appeared to support various syntax features and extensions. As a consequence, the syntax from one variant may not be interpreted as expected in another - you have to be aware which one is being used by a particular platform. Here are a few well-known variants:

• GitHub-flavored Markdown (used on this lesson and by GitHub)
• GitLab-flavored Markdown (used by GitLab)
• Kramdown (a fast, Ruby, open source implementation released under the MIT licence)

Optional Exercise: Add Your Repository Details to CodiMD

If your instructors are using CodiMD (or HackMD or any other Markdown-based shared document platform) to take notes during this workshop, use Markdown syntax to add a link in that document to the repository you are using to follow along with this lesson. The link text should be your GitHub username, and the target your repository. Your instructors will direct you towards the appropriate location in the document to add your link.

More Markdown Features

Check out our Extras page on Markdown for a more comprehensive overview of Markdown, including how to create fenced code blocks and do syntax highlighting for various languages.

Key Points

• Markdown is an relatively easy way to write formatted text