This lesson is in the early stages of development (Alpha version)

Connecting to a remote HPC system

Overview

Teaching: 25 min
Exercises: 10 min
Questions
  • How do I log in to a remote HPC system?

Objectives
  • Configure secure access to a remote HPC system.

  • Connect to a remote HPC system.

Secure Connections

The first step in using a cluster is to establish a connection from our laptop to the cluster. When we are sitting at a computer (or standing, or holding it in our hands or on our wrists), we have come to expect a visual display with icons, widgets, and perhaps some windows or applications: a graphical user interface, or GUI. Since computer clusters are remote resources that we connect to over slow or intermittent interfaces (WiFi and VPNs especially), it is more practical to use a command-line interface, or CLI, to send commands as plain-text. If a command returns output, it is printed as plain text as well. The commands we run today will not open a window to show graphical results.

If you have ever opened the Windows Command Prompt or macOS Terminal, you have seen a CLI. If you have already taken The Carpentries’ courses on the UNIX Shell or Version Control, you have used the CLI on your local machine extensively. The only leap to be made here is to open a CLI on a remote machine, while taking some precautions so that other folks on the network can’t see (or change) the commands you’re running or the results the remote machine sends back. We will use the Secure SHell protocol (or SSH) to open an encrypted network connection between two machines, allowing you to send & receive text and data without having to worry about prying eyes.

/hpc-intro/Connect%20to%20cluster

SSH clients are usually command-line tools, where you provide the remote machine address as the only required argument. If your username on the remote system differs from what you use locally, you must provide that as well. If your SSH client has a graphical front-end, such as PuTTY or MobaXterm, you will set these arguments before clicking “connect.” From the terminal, you’ll write something like ssh userName@hostname, where the argument is just like an email address: the “@” symbol is used to separate the personal ID from the address of the remote machine.

When logging in to a laptop, tablet, or other personal device, a username, password, or pattern are normally required to prevent unauthorized access. In these situations, the likelihood of somebody else intercepting your password is low, since logging your keystrokes requires a malicious exploit or physical access. For systems like login1 running an SSH server, anybody on the network can log in, or try to. Since usernames are often public or easy to guess, your password is often the weakest link in the security chain. Many clusters therefore forbid password-based login, requiring instead that you generate and configure a public-private key pair with a much stronger password. Even if your cluster does not require it, the next section will guide you through the use of SSH keys and an SSH agent to both strengthen your security and make it more convenient to log in to remote systems.

Better Security With SSH Keys

The Lesson Setup provides instructions for installing a shell application with SSH. If you have not done so already, please open that shell application with a Unix-like command line interface to your system.

SSH keys are an alternative method for authentication to obtain access to remote computing systems. They can also be used for authentication when transferring files or for accessing remote version control systems (such as GitHub). In this section you will create a pair of SSH keys:

Private keys are your secure digital passport

A private key that is visible to anyone but you should be considered compromised, and must be destroyed. This includes having improper permissions on the directory it (or a copy) is stored in, traversing any network that is not secure (encrypted), attachment on unencrypted email, and even displaying the key on your terminal window.

Protect this key as if it unlocks your front door. In many ways, it does.

Regardless of the software or operating system you use, please choose a strong password or passphrase to act as another layer of protection for your private SSH key.

Considerations for SSH Key Passwords

When prompted, enter a strong password that you will remember. There are two common approaches to this:

  1. Create a memorable passphrase with some punctuation and number-for-letter substitutions, 32 characters or longer. Street addresses work well; just be careful of social engineering or public records attacks.
  2. Use a password manager and its built-in password generator with all character classes, 25 characters or longer. KeePass and BitWarden are two good options.
  3. Nothing is less secure than a private key with no password. If you skipped password entry by accident, go back and generate a new key pair with a strong password.

SSH Keys on Linux, Mac, MobaXterm, and Windows Subsystem for Linux

Once you have opened a terminal, check for existing SSH keys and filenames since existing SSH keys are overwritten.

[you@laptop:~]$ ls ~/.ssh/

If ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 already exists, you will need to specify a different name for the new key-pair.

Generate a new public-private key pair using the following command, which will produce a stronger key than the ssh-keygen default by invoking these flags:

[you@laptop:~]$ ssh-keygen -a 100 -f ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 -t ed25519

When prompted, enter a strong password with the above considerations in mind. Note that the terminal will not appear to change while you type the password: this is deliberate, for your security. You will be prompted to type it again, so don’t worry too much about typos.

Take a look in ~/.ssh (use ls ~/.ssh). You should see two new files:

Use RSA for Older Systems

If key generation failed because ed25519 is not available, try using the older (but still strong and trustworthy) RSA cryptosystem. Again, first check for an existing key:

[you@laptop:~]$ ls ~/.ssh/

If ~/.ssh/id_rsa already exists, you will need to specify choose a different name for the new key-pair. Generate it as above, with the following extra flags:

  • -b sets the number of bits in the key. The default is 2048. EdDSA uses a fixed key length, so this flag would have no effect.
  • -o (no default): use the OpenSSH key format, rather than PEM.
[you@laptop:~]$ ssh-keygen -a 100 -b 4096 -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa -o -t rsa

When prompted, enter a strong password with the above considerations in mind.

Take a look in ~/.ssh (use ls ~/.ssh). You should see two new files:

  • your private key (~/.ssh/id_rsa): do not share with anyone!
  • the shareable public key (~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub): if a system administrator asks for a key, this is the one to send. It is also safe to upload to websites such as GitHub: it is meant to be seen.

SSH Keys on PuTTY

If you are using PuTTY on Windows, download and use puttygen to generate the key pair. See the PuTTY documentation for details.

Take a look in the folder you specified. You should see two new files:

SSH Agent for Easier Key Handling

An SSH key is only as strong as the password used to unlock it, but on the other hand, typing out a complex password every time you connect to a machine is tedious and gets old very fast. This is where the SSH Agent comes in.

Using an SSH Agent, you can type your password for the private key once, then have the Agent remember it for some number of hours or until you log off. Unless some nefarious actor has physical access to your machine, this keeps the password safe, and removes the tedium of entering the password multiple times.

Just remember your password, because once it expires in the Agent, you have to type it in again.

SSH Agents on Linux, macOS, and Windows

Open your terminal application and check if an agent is running:

[you@laptop:~]$ ssh-add -l

Add your key to the agent, with session expiration after 8 hours:

[you@laptop:~]$ ssh-add -t 8h ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
Enter passphrase for .ssh/id_ed25519: 
Identity added: .ssh/id_ed25519
Lifetime set to 86400 seconds

For the duration (8 hours), whenever you use that key, the SSH Agent will provide the key on your behalf without you having to type a single keystroke.

SSH Agent on PuTTY

If you are using PuTTY on Windows, download and use pageant as the SSH agent. See the PuTTY documentation.

Transfer Your Public Key

Visit https://mokey.cluster.hpc-carpentry.org to upload your SSH public key. (Remember, it’s the one ending in .pub!)

Log In to the Cluster

Go ahead and open your terminal or graphical SSH client, then log in to the cluster. Replace yourUsername with your username or the one supplied by the instructors.

[you@laptop:~]$ ssh yourUsername@cluster.hpc-carpentry.org

You may be asked for your password. Watch out: the characters you type after the password prompt are not displayed on the screen. Normal output will resume once you press Enter.

You may have noticed that the prompt changed when you logged into the remote system using the terminal (if you logged in using PuTTY this will not apply because it does not offer a local terminal). This change is important because it can help you distinguish on which system the commands you type will be run when you pass them into the terminal. This change is also a small complication that we will need to navigate throughout the workshop. Exactly what is displayed as the prompt (which conventionally ends in $) in the terminal when it is connected to the local system and the remote system will typically be different for every user. We still need to indicate which system we are entering commands on though so we will adopt the following convention:

Looking Around Your Remote Home

Very often, many users are tempted to think of a high-performance computing installation as one giant, magical machine. Sometimes, people will assume that the computer they’ve logged onto is the entire computing cluster. So what’s really happening? What computer have we logged on to? The name of the current computer we are logged onto can be checked with the hostname command. (You may also notice that the current hostname is also part of our prompt!)

[yourUsername@login1 ~]$ hostname
login1

So, we’re definitely on the remote machine. Next, let’s find out where we are by running pwd to print the working directory.

[yourUsername@login1 ~]$ pwd
/home/yourUsername

Great, we know where we are! Let’s see what’s in our current directory:

[yourUsername@login1 ~]$ ls
id_ed25519.pub

The system administrators may have configured your home directory with some helpful files, folders, and links (shortcuts) to space reserved for you on other filesystems. If they did not, your home directory may appear empty. To double-check, include hidden files in your directory listing:

[yourUsername@login1 ~]$ ls -a
  .            .bashrc           id_ed25519.pub
  ..           .ssh

In the first column, . is a reference to the current directory and .. a reference to its parent (/home). You may or may not see the other files, or files like them: .bashrc is a shell configuration file, which you can edit with your preferences; and .ssh is a directory storing SSH keys and a record of authorized connections.

Key Points

  • An HPC system is a set of networked machines.

  • HPC systems typically provide login nodes and a set of worker nodes.

  • The resources found on independent (worker) nodes can vary in volume and type (amount of RAM, processor architecture, availability of network mounted filesystems, etc.).

  • Files saved on one node are available on all nodes.