Automating Website Deployment

Last updated on 2025-01-30 | Edit this page

Estimated time: 15 minutes

Overview

Questions

What is Continuous Deployment and what does it mean in the context of our site?
How do we enable GitHub Actions on our repository?
What needs to go into a GitHub Actions workflow to enable Continuous Deployment of our site?

Objectives

Understand what the concept of Continuous Deployment means for a website
Understand the content of a GitHub Actions workflow file that enables Continuous Deployment to GitHub Pages

In this episode, we will use GitHub Actions to define a Continuous Deployment pipeline that will automatically update our webite when we merge Pull Requests in GitHub.

The concept of Continuous Deployment is as follows:

For every change we integrate or merge into our GitHub repo, a fresh version of our website should be created and deployed automatically for us.

Let’s start by checking out a new branch in our local repo.

BASH

git checkout -b add-cd

OUTPUT

Switched to a new branch 'add-cd'

GitHub Actions are automatically triggered by files that are stored in a special folder called .github/workflows. So let’s create that folder!

BASH

mkdir -p .github/workflows

Note: the -p flag here means “If the parent directory doesn’t already exist (i.e. .github/), then please create that too.” Try running the above command without this flag first and see what error message you get!

Create a cd.yml (cd is short for Continuous Deployment) file inside the .github/workflows folder. You can do this in the terminal with the below command.

BASH

touch .github/workflows/cd.yml

Now open it in your favourite text editor. Here’s how you would open the file with nano.

BASH

nano .github/workflows/cd.yml

(Find out more about the YAML (.yml) file format in this blog post.)

We have a workflow ready for us to use below which you should feel free to copy and paste into your cd.yml file, and then we’ll go through each section.

Whitespace in YAML

What does “whitespace matters” mean? Why is it important?

Show me the solution

It means that the spaces in the file carry meaning. A bit like how in Python if you indent lines then it knows they’re part of a for loop. The way that a for loop ends is that you don’t indent the next line. Think about replacing the whitespace (either spaces or tabs) with characters, such as dots. 4 dots (….) which represent 4 spaces ( ) tells the file that this new information belongs to the line above. In some programming languages whitespace doesn’t matter - newlines might matter but where you put the words is only important for what it looks like, not what actually happens.

Python, Markdown, YAML all depend on whitespace to understand what the developer means - so be careful when you copy and paste!

YAML

name: Build and Deploy Site

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main
  pull_request:
    branches:
      - main

jobs:
  build-and-deploy-site:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repo
        uses: actions/checkout@v2
        with:
          submodules: true
          fetch-depth: 0

      - name: Setup Hugo
        uses: peaceiris/actions-hugo@v2
        with:
          hugo-version: 'latest'

      - name: Build site with Hugo
        run: hugo --minify

      - name: Check HTML
        uses: chabad360/htmlproofer@master
        with:
          directory: "./public"
          arguments: --only-4xx --check-favicon --check-html --assume-extension --empty-alt-ignore --disable-external
        continue-on-error: true

      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
        if: github.event_name == 'push' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/main'
        uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v3
        with:
          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          publish_dir: ./public

The name parameter defines what our workflow should be called
The on block beginning defines what events should trigger our workflow to run. We have two defined here:
- on.push.branches = [main]: This tells GitHub Actions to run the workflow whenever a push is made to the main branch. This is most commonly when a PR is merged.
- on.pull_request.branches = [main]: This tells GitHub Actions to run the workflow every time a PR intending to merge something into the main branch is opened.
The jobs section defines which jobs the workflow will run when triggered. We have one job to run called build-and-deploy-site and we have requested the latest version of the Ubuntu Operating System to run this job on (Windows and Mac OSs are also available to execute jobs).
The steps section, underneath jobs.<job_name>, defines each step involving in running the job.
- Step 1 is a checkout step. This clones the repo like we did manually in step 3 of episode 2. The fetch-depth: 0 line asks GitHub to not download the full repo history, only the most recent commit, and the submodules: true line asks GitHub to also checkout the submodules we depend on. Without this, our themes folder won’t be populated with the info we need to build the site!
- Step 2 installs the latest version of Hugo.
- Step 3 builds the site using Hugo. The --minify flag ensures that the output HTML files are compressed to take up the minimum amount of space required. The ouput files are stored in a folder called public/.
- Step 4 runs a tool called htmlproofer over the generated HTML files in public. This tool checks for things like broken links across the site.
  - This step has the continue-on-error flag set to true allowing the deployment process to continue even if htmlproofer discovers errors. This is because this step will fail since, for example, we do not setup favicons during this lesson and this is one of the properties the tool checks.
- Step 5 will commit the HTML files to a new branch on our repo called gh-pages. It only publishes the HTML files contained in the public directory as they are the only ones required to create the site at this point.
  - Note this step has an if statement that states this step should only be executed when the event that triggered the workflow was a push to the main branch (most commonly a merged PR). This prevents the live website being redeployed by unreviewed/unapproved changes in a PR.
  - This step also requires a secret GITHUB_TOKEN. You do not have to worry about creating and/or storing this token. It is a special token that is automatically generated by GitHub for every triggered workflow run and allows the workflow to commit and publish new branches. GitHub released a blog post discussing how to control the permissions of this token.

Add, commit and push the cd.yml file to GitHub as we did in episode 3.

BASH

git add .github/workflows/cd.yml
git commit -m "Add a GitHub Actions workflow to build and deploy the site"

OUTPUT

[add-cd 92c9552] Add a GitHub Actions workflow to build and deploy the site
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/cd.yml

BASH

git push origin add-cd

OUTPUT

Enumerating objects: 6, done.
Counting objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (5/5), 875 bytes | 875.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 5 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), completed with 1 local object.
remote:
remote: Create a pull request for 'add-cd' on GitHub by visiting:
remote:      https://github.com/HelmUpgradeBot/HelmUpgradeBot.github.io/pull/new/add-cd
remote:
To https://github.com/HelmUpgradeBot/HelmUpgradeBot.github.io.git
 * [new branch]      add-cd -> add-cd

Create another PR in GitHub’s browser interface as we did in episode 3. You should see the check now running and report a status at the bottom of the open PR page! Merge the PR once the test has passed. At any point, you can click the “Actions” tab at the top of the GitHub page to see the status of your GitHub Action workflows.

We now need to configure some more settings for the GitHub repo.

Click the “Settings” tab along the top of the GitHub webpage.
Select “Branches” from the menu on the left-hand-side (4th option from the top).
We will add a branch protection rule to prevent changes that could break our site from being deployed. Click “Add rule”.

Adding a branch protection rule to the repo

In the “Branch pattern name” type main, then select the “Require status checks to pass before merging” box. Finally select the build-and-deploy-site status check from the list and click “Create” at the bottom of the page. (You may be asked to reenter your GitHub password.) This means that the build-and-deploy-site job MUST pass, otherwise merging the PR will be blocked.

Now select the “Pages” option from the left-hand-side menu (second option from the bottom). This is where we configure GitHub Pages to host the website.
In the “Source” section, select gh-pages from the “Branch” dropdown and leave the folder dropdown as / (root). Then click “Save”.

Configuring GitHub Pages in the repo Settings

After a few moments, refresh the page. The banner along the top should now be green and read “Your site is published at https://HelmUpgradeBot.github.io”. Click the link in the browser and see your site live!

Congratulations! Your site is now live on GitHub Pages!

It’s still a little bare though, so let’s update our local repo in our terminal and then add some content.

Close your browser window displaying your website and run Ctrl+C in your terminal to stop the hugo server command.

BASH

git checkout main

OUTPUT

Switched to branch 'main'
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'.

BASH

git pull

OUTPUT

remote: Enumerating objects: 1, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (1/1), done.
remote: Total 1 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (1/1), 654 bytes | 654.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://github.com/HelmUpgradeBot/HelmUpgradeBot.github.io
   cd19a8f..dfed2bc  main       -> origin/main
Updating cd19a8f..dfed2bc
Fast-forward
 .github/workflows/cd.yml | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/cd.yml

Key Points

Continuous Deployment of a website involves rebuilding and republishing the site with every change
GitHub Action workflows are YAML files that contain triggers, jobs and steps that are performed automatically. GitHub automatically detects these files in the .github/workflows folder.