Introduction


Essential Features of a Comparative Experiment


Experimental Design Principles


Figure 1

International Prototype of the Kilogram

Figure 2

shelves of cages beneath a light

Statistics in Data Analysis


Figure 1

living histogram of female student heights

Figure 2


Figure 3


Figure 4


Figure 5


Figure 6

null hypothesis

Figure 7

alternative hypothesis

Figure 8


Figure 9


Figure 10


Figure 11


Figure 12


Figure 13


Figure 14


Figure 15

Code adapted from Power Curve in R by Cinni Patel.


Figure 16

Code adapted from How to Create Power Curves in ggplot by Levi Baguley


Completely Randomized Designs


Figure 1

By eye it appears that there is a difference in mean heart rate between exercise groups, and that increasing exercise intensity decreases mean heart rate. We want to know if there is any statistically significant difference between mean heart rates in the three exercise groups. The R function anova() performs analysis of variance (ANOVA) to answer this question. We provide anova() with a linear model (lm()) stating that heart_rate depends on exercise_group.


Figure 2


Completely Randomized Design with More than One Treatment Factor


Randomized Complete Block Designs


Repeated Measures Designs